requirements -k8凯发

different requirements
1. usability / user experiences requirements
  1. usability goals
  2. user experiences goals
  3. evaluate performance of the system
2. user requirements
  1. who are the users?
  2. what are the characteristics?
    1. nationality
    2. education background
    3. personal circumstances
    4. physical or mental disabilities
  3. system use
    1. novice
      1. clear step-by-step guidance
      2. constrained
    2. expert
      1. flexibility
      2. access to advance features
    3. frequent
      1. shortcuts
    4. casual/infrequent
      1. clear menu paths
3. environment requirements
  1. physical
    1. dusty / noisy / light / heat / humidity?
  2. social
    1. collaboration and coordination
    2. data sharing
    3. distributed
    4. synchronous or asynchronous
    5. privacy
  3. organizational
    1. user support
    2. communication structure and infrastructure
    3. availability of training
  4. technical
    1. andriod
    2. ios
    3. others
4. data requirements
  1. what kinds of data need to be stored?
    1. type
    2. volatility
    3. size/amount
    4. persistent
    5. accuracy
    6. value
  2. how to store?
    1. database
    2. files
5. functional requirements
  1. what the system should do?
  2. what the system must to do?
6. prioritizing requirements
  1. must have
    1. fundamental requirements
    2. minimum usable subset
  2. should have
    1. essential if have more time
    2. system still usable without it
  3. could have
    1. can be left out of current development
  4. want to have but won't have this time round
    1. can wait until a later development
7. user profile
pact framework
1. people use technologies to undertake activities in context.
2. people
  1. who will be using the product or system?
  2. individual differences
    1. physical
      1. physical characteristics
      2. variation in five senses
    2. pcychological
      1. spatial awareness
      2. different attention span and memory
      3. language and cultural differences
    3. experiences
    4. personalities
  3. different goals, needs, reasons and motivations for using systems
3. activity
  1. what task will they be performing with the product?
    1. temporal
      1. regular or infrequent
      2. single continuous set of actions or done with interrupted actions
    2. cooperation
      1. done alone?
      2. awareness of others
      3. communication
    3. complexity
      1. how complicated?
      2. defined steps or vague activity?
    4. safety-critical
      1. allow to make mistakes?
      2. what are the critical consequences of errors?
    5. nature/data and content
      1. type of information
      2. data changes with time?
      3. resource of the data
    6. choice of interface technology and communication technology
4. context
  1. where and under what circumstances does the activity occur?
    1. organizational context
    2. social context
    3. physical context
5. technology
  1. what do you need to consider in your design?
    1. input
      1. speech input
      2. motion, air pressure, vibrations using sensors
      3. eye tracking
    2. output
      1. screen and monitor
      2. multi-touch surface
      3. printers
      4. sound
      5. haptics
    3. communications between people and between devices
      1. bandwidth and speed
      2. data and type of contents to be communicated
6. outcome
  1. difference between the designer and the user
  2. what users want in reality?
7. need to investigate to verify information and to understand activity
8. must analyze with activity together
data gathering
1. key issues
  1. setting goals
    1. purposes of gathering
    2. how to analyze
  2. decide from whom to gather data - how many participants?
    1. probabilistic sampling
    2. non-probabilistic sampling
  3. relationship with participants
    1. participant information sheet
    2. consent form
    3. clear and professional
  4. triangulation
    1. more than one type of data
    2. more than one type of data collecting methods
    3. provide different perspectives
    4. data validation
  5. pilot studies
    1. test run questions and analysis approach
    2. make adjustments if you are not getting the information that expect
  6. small trial of main study
2. recording methods
  1. notes
  2. video
  3. audio
  4. photographs
  5. useful alternative of note-taking
3. gathering techniques
  1. survey
    1. measuring attitudes, awareness, intent, feedback….user experiences, characteristics of users and over-time comparisons
    2. precise measurements or identifying usability problems in an interface
    3. questionnaire
      1. target respondents
      2. purpose of the research
      3. recruitment and sampling
      4. design
      5. open-ended responses
      6. better understanding of phenomena
      7. must be carefully worded
      8. closed-ended responses
      9. ordered response
      10. number of choices in a logical order
      11. single choice selection
      12. e.g. ranking / likert scale
      13. unordered response
      14. number of choices but no order in responses
      15. either single or multiple-choice selections
      16. e.g. preference applications / demographic information
      17. mode of administration
      18. paper
      19. email
      20. web
      21. surveymonkey
      22. google form
      23. microsoft form
    4. recruitment
      1. define the target population
      2. determine sampling methods
      3. contact the members of target population
    5. sampling
      1. probabilistic sampling
      2. known probability of someone being chosen
      3. census
      4. random sampling
      5. stratified sampling
      6. non-probabilistic sampling
      7. unknown likely of being chosen
      8. snowball recruitment
      9. self-selected surveys
      10. volunteer
      11. must collect demographic data
    6. deploying online questionnaires
      1. plan the timeline
      2. design offline
      3. program / complete online template
      4. test the survey
      5. test the survey with a group that will not be the part of survey
      6. recruit participants
    7. advantages
      1. collect large number of responses quickly from users that are geographically dispersed
      2. do not need special equipment
      3. low costs
      4. non-intrusive
    8. disadvantages
      1. problematic if population size is unknown
      2. data is 'shallow'
      3. unable to follow up immediately
      4. biased data when the questions are related to patterns of usage
    9. appropriate
    10. less appropriate
  2. interviews
    1. initial exploration, requirements gathering, evaluation and subjective reactions
    2. looking for information from large sample of population
    3. types
      1. unstructured
      2. list of topics or questions as guide
      3. start of with initial question and let interviewee discuss topic of choice
      4. if conversation is stalled, introduce another topic from guide
      5. allows interviewee to focus on topics/concerns of they find important
      6. semi structured
      7. more room to get clarification
      8. start with a set of questions, similar to questions in fully structured interview
      9. probe depending on response
      10. fully structured
      11. use rigid script to present question inn a well-defined order
      12. easy to analyze
      13. difficult to follow-up if answer is unanticipated
      14. appropriate for deep digging / unfamiliar with problem domain or set of users / participants educate you to understand their needs
      15. appropriate when hope to compare the responses across individuals
    4. planning
      1. identify objectives of the study
      2. select type of interview
      3. decide how will you analyze the data
      4. write the questions
      5. test your questions
      6. determined the player in the activity
      7. prepare activity materials
    5. writing questions
      1. break the interview into multiple sessions
      2. not conduct the interview beyond two hours
      3. word the questions clearly, understandable and impartial
      4. keep the questions short
      5. avoid double-barreled questions that address more than one issue
    6. running the interview
      1. digital conferencing system
      2. participants are in their own environment
      3. no need to travel
      4. for sensitive issues, participants can be anonymous
      5. 1. introduction
      6. 2. warm-up
      7. 3. main body
      8. 4. a cool-off period
      9. 5. closure
      10. advantages of using digital ways
    7. things to note
      1. don't pre-empt the answer
      2. the body language of the interviewer matters
      3. prestige response bias
    8. advantages
      1. collect 'deep' data
      2. can be open-ended and exploratory
    9. disadvantages
      1. potential unbounded discussions
      2. high effort to conduct - skill, resources
      3. high amount of data
      4. problems of recall
    10. not appropriate
    11. appropriate
  3. focus groups
    1. interview people in groups
    2. facilitator guides and prompts discussion
    3. advantages
      1. allows for diverse or sensitive issues to be raised
      2. good at gaining a consensus
      3. increase interactivity between participants
    4. disadvantages
      1. inappropriate for controversial topics
      2. depends highly on people in the group
      3. high effort to conduct - skill, resources
    5. appropriate for investigating shared issues
  4. observations
    1. direct obervation
      1. silent
      2. think loud
      3. constructive interaction
      4. advantages
      5. different kinds of insights
      6. good for understanding context of user activity
      7. capture the detail of what individuals do
      8. disadvantages
      9. very time-consuming
      10. huge amount of data
      11. results may be limited use in normal environment
    2. indirect observation
      1. interaction logging
      2. diaries ( feedback, elicitaion)
      3. video and photographs collected remotely
      4. advantages
      5. observing users without disturbing their activities
      6. can extend over long periods of time
      7. more accurate time recording than survey
      8. disadvantages
      9. a large amount of quantitative data needs tool support to analyze (logging)
      10. participants' memories may exaggerate (diary)
  5. contextual inquiry
    1. combination of interview and observation
    2. main principles
      1. context
      2. go to the users whenever they are, and seeing what they do as they do it
      3. partnership
      4. user and interviewer explore user's life together
      5. interpretation
      6. observations interpreted by user and interviewer together
      7. focus
      8. guide interview setup and focus on inquiry
  6. ethnography
    1. combination of interview and observation
    2. immerse themselves in the culture that they study
    3. researcher's degree of participation can vary and affect study
    4. requires cooperation and acceptance
    5. requires skills to conduct
  7. studying documentation
    1. rules and procedures are often written down in manuals
    2. good source of data
    3. not to be used in isolation
    4. good for understanding legislation and getting background information
    5. no stakeholder time
4. choosing techniques
  1. focus of the study - purpose / kinds of data
  2. participants involved - characteristics / type of access
  3. nature of technique - specialist equipment or training?
  4. resources - available resources
data analysis
1. quantitative analysis
  1. data cleansing
    1. avoid human errors
    2. reasonableness
    3. inappropriate formatting
    4. data makes sense
  2. coding data
    1. convert original data to numeric
  3. descriptive statistics
    1. mean
    2. median
    3. mode
    4. standard deviation
  4. statistical testing
    1. significant test - comparing means
  5. identifying relationships between factors
    1. correlations testing
  6. tools
    1. excel
      1. simple functionality
      2. good for quick analysis
    2. spss
      1. comprehensive with advance functions, gui
      2. expensive
    3. r
      1. comprehensive, scriptable
      2. free!!!
2. qualitative analysis
  1. looking for critical incidents
    1. specific incidents that are significant
    2. e.g. evaluation study
  2. identifying themes
    1. exploratory studies
    2. identify patterns and themes
      1. affinity diagram
  3. categorizing data
    1. top-down approach
      1. set of categories determined beforehand
  4. combination of inductive and deductive
  5. tools
    1. nvivo
    2. dedoose
3. closed questions and some open questions (each analyzed separately)
4. most of open questions, but still depends
present findings
1. structured notations
  1. use-case diagram
    1. use cases
      1. essential use cases
      2. division of tasks
      3. user intentions
      4. product responsibilities
      5. normal courses
      6. set of actions most commonly performed
      7. alternative courses
      8. other possible sequences
      9. captured at the bottom of the use case
      10. no implementation/interaction details
    2. actors
    3. system
    4. associations
    5. functional requirements, capture interaction --> step-by-step descriptions
2. stories / storytelling
  1. storytelling
    1. e.g. goldilocks and the three bears
  2. personas
    1. user profile - rich description of typical users
    2. synthesized from real people based on user research
      1. typical, but not idealized
      2. reminds who will use the product
      3. no elastic users
      4. no self-referential
      5. no edge cases
      6. make design decisions
      7. advantages
    3. types
      1. primary - target of interface
      2. secondary
      3. primary needs
      4. additional features
      5. supplementary - combination of primary and secondary
      6. customer
      7. not end user
      8. may be primary user
      9. served - not users directly affected
      10. negative - users' product is not mean for
    4. how to create?
      1. identify behavioral variables from demographical data
      2. identify common pattern by mapping participants to behavioural data
      3. synthesize and build model
  3. scenario
    1. narrative describes tasks performed by the persona
    2. elements
      1. persona involved
      2. triggers of using?
      3. what happens?
      4. outcome
3. summarizing findings
  1. e.g. tables, graphs, diagrams, video
task analysis
1. logic of task
  1. sequence of steps
  2. textual form or diagram
  3. e.g. hta
    1. identify task to be analyzed
    2. break to 4-8 sub-tasks
    3. level of details
    4. plans
    5. tree diagrams
    6. outcomes
      1. manuals & tuition
      2. detailed interface design
2. cognitive task analysis
  1. cognitive processes required to achieve goal
  2. e.g. cognitive walkthrough
    1. evaluate user interface usability
    2. used in the design lifecycle of an interface
    3. based on norman's 7 stages of action
    4. preparation
      1. interface
      2. characteristics of typical users
      3. sample tasks that focus on the aspects of the interface to be evaluated
      4. clear sequence of actions needed for users to complete the task
    5. process
      1. analyst walk thought the action sequences for each task, placing it within the context of a typical scenario
      2. takes notes
      3. a record of critical information is compiled particular assumptions about what would cause problems and why
  3. e.g. goms
    1. goals - what the user wants to achieve
    2. operators - basic actions that the user must perform
    3. methods - sequences of subtasks
    4. selection rules - rules that people use to choose between methods of achieving the same subtask.
conceptual design (model)
1. interface metaphor (physical entity)
  1. conceptualizing what users are doing
  2. a conceptual model instantiated at the interface
  3. visualizing an operation
  4. choosing
    1. understand functionality
    2. identify potential problems areas
    3. generate metaphors
    4. evaluate suitability of metaphors
  5. advantages
    1. makes it easy to learn new systems
    2. helps to better understand the conceptual model
    3. supports a diverse set of users
    4. strengthen innovation
  6. disadvantages
    1. constrains the conceptual design to metaphors
    2. limit the user to understand the system in terms of metaphor
    3. poor designs can be used as the metaphor
    4. rely on metaphors might hinder coming up with new conceptual models
    5. some times may break conventional and cultural rules
2. interaction types
  1. instructing
    1. tell the system what to do
      1. e.g. typing in commands
      2. e.g.selecting menus
  2. conversing
    1. have a dialog with the system
      1. menu-based dialogues
      2. text-based dialogues
      3. virtual agents
  3. manipulating
    1. manipulating objects and users experiences
    2. based on users experience with real objects (affordance)
  4. exploring
    1. moving through virtual or physical environments
    2. e.g. vr
  5. responding
    1. initiative to alert, describe, or show the user sth. of interesting
    2. relevance to time or context
3. interface types
  1. types of input and output methods
  2. interface used by the users to support the interaction
  3. choose the most appropriate or a combination
envisionment
1. make ideas visible and externalize thoughts
2. represent design work
3. occurs throughout development
4. different representations
  1. sketches
    1. ideas and thoughts can be quickly visualized
    2. quick, timely, inexpensive, disposable and plentiful
      1. o allow quick test of new ideas during brainstorming
      2. o reduce attachment to design
    3. basic elements, people, objects - depends on the purpose
    4. context, user view, snapshot
    5. advantages
  2. storyboards
    1. sequence of actions or events
    2. user journey
      1. 3-7 steps
      2. each picture labelled with 1 short description
      3. context of interaction is visible
      4. correct level of details
  3. wireframes (e.g. wireflow)
    1. single screen or interaction page
    2. plan the layout and interaction patterns
    3. different level of details
  4. prototypes
    1. low-fidelity
      1. medium unlike the final medium
      2. capture early design thinking
      3. quick and easy to produce
    2. high-fidelity
      1. similar in look and feel with anticipated final product
      2. detailed evaluation of the main design elements
    3. paper prototypes
      1. produce quickly
      2. enables non-technical people to interact easily with the design team
      3. flexibility - 'redesigned'
      4. advantages
    4. faking interaction
      1. wizard of oz (lo-fi)
      2. human is responding to output rather than the system
      3. video prototype
      4. how the prototype is 'used' in real-life
      5. early stage - fake interaction
      6. later stage - communicate what product looks like and can do
      7. focus on information to be conveyed
      8. limited by imgination, time and materials
    5. compromises
      1. horizontal - wide range but little details
      2. vertical - lots of details but a few functions
special permission and leads to privacy issues
wireframes
user journey
wireflow
adv and disadv